v08-bundle-beneficiary-is-paymaster · EntryPoint Intelligence

Bundler 0x7e81…2f4c submitted a bundle of 2 v0.8 UserOperations for 2 smart account(s), requesting call x2 across 1 target contract(s); 2 of 2 succeeded.

Transaction: 0x6c97b6bf1fa1de6e69eae496f94ba3a5265b0c94ac751756e86c91c11c6a8dc7 explained →
Block: 95,285,437
Outer status: success grade: observed
UserOperations: 2 in 1 handleOps call
Selector: 0x765e827f

How to read the evidence markers

Evidence levels (how strong an address label is)

evidence level: primary source The vendor or protocol itself publishes this exact address
evidence level: self-description What the contract says about itself via a getter; contracts can claim any name
evidence level: cluster Shares a key, getter or bytecode with labelled addresses: same machinery, not proof of the same operator
evidence level: hint Ranking, explorer tag, metadata or third-party label: a clue, never proof
evidence level: unlabelled No registry label. In running text, an address without a marker has no label.

Evidence grades (how a value was obtained), strongest first

grade: observed grade: decoded grade: recomputed grade: recovered grade: contract read grade: inferred grade: unknown

Weaker grades are set in italics. Hover or focus a marker for its definition; full definitions.

Who was involved

Bundler: 0x7e81…2f4c evidence level: unlabelled
sent and paid for the outer transaction · grade: observed
Called contract: 0x4337…f108 EntryPoint v0.8 evidence level: primary source
grade: observed
EntryPoint: 0x4337…f108 EntryPoint v0.8 evidence level: primary source
v0.8 handleOps · grade: decoded
Beneficiary: 0xef45…d8c0 evidence level: unlabelled
the beneficiary argument of handleOps · differs from the bundler · grade: decoded

Operations: what was asked, what happened

Operation 1 of 2

v0.8 succeeded index 0

Account 0xa681…8d4d asked to call executePayment(...) on 0x7bfa…03a8; the op succeeded; gas sponsored by 0xef45…d8c0.

Who was involved

Smart account: 0xa681…8d4d evidence level: unlabelled
the sender field of UserOperationEvent · grade: observed
Account code: 0x00ed…3f38 evidence level: unlabelled
contract code and storage read at block 95285437 · EIP-1167 minimal proxy · grade: contract read
Paymaster: 0xef45…d8c0 evidence level: unlabelled
the operation's paymasterAndData field · grade: decoded
Signer key: 0x7e81…2f4c evidence level: unlabelled
signature scheme raw ECDSA(userOpHash), an EOA (secp256k1) key; matches the on-chain owner getter owner()=0x7e818d18da640539e715f96b9c94eb7a8eb52f4c at block 95285437. A key, not a person. · grade: contract read

What was asked

Entry function on the account: execute(address,uint256,bytes) grade: decoded

Call 1 call executePayment(...) on 0x7bfa…03a8
target 0x7bfa…03a8 evidence level: unlabelled · function executePayment(bytes32,uint256) grade: decoded · via the account's execute function

What happened

The outer transaction reported success grade: observed; this UserOperation succeeded grade: observed.

Call 1 ran (its logs show it) grade: inferredthe target emitted 1 log(s) in this op's execution segment (unknown event 0x96820c9f x1); this shows it ran, not what it achieved

Token movements logged during this operation:

ERC-20 transfer of 2.900880 EURC 0xc891…2acd evidence level: unlabelled from 0x047d…bfda to 0xa681…8d4d into the account, during execution grade: observed

Money for this operation

The EntryPoint charged this operation 0.000017 AVAX (actualGasCost) grade: observed, taken from paymaster deposit 0xef45dae4935f6b21ac12d845b28bfc4771a3d8c0 grade: inferred and paid to the beneficiary grade: inferred.

Sponsorship: sponsored, terms not visible: a paymaster pays the gas charge from its deposit; its terms (free, token-paid, off-chain billing) are not decodable from this record grade: decoded

Operation 2 of 2

v0.8 succeeded index 1

Account 0x3d75…0e69 asked to call executePayment(...) on 0x7bfa…03a8; the op succeeded; gas sponsored by 0xef45…d8c0.

Who was involved

Smart account: 0x3d75…0e69 evidence level: unlabelled
the sender field of UserOperationEvent · grade: observed
Account code: 0x00ed…3f38 evidence level: unlabelled
contract code and storage read at block 95285437 · EIP-1167 minimal proxy · grade: contract read
Paymaster: 0xef45…d8c0 evidence level: unlabelled
the operation's paymasterAndData field · grade: decoded
Signer key: 0x5513…7233 evidence level: unlabelled
signature scheme personal_sign(userOpHash), an EOA (secp256k1) key. A key, not a person. · grade: recovered

What was asked

Entry function on the account: execute(address,uint256,bytes) grade: decoded

Call 1 call executePayment(...) on 0x7bfa…03a8
target 0x7bfa…03a8 evidence level: unlabelled · function executePayment(bytes32,uint256) grade: decoded · via the account's execute function

What happened

The outer transaction reported success grade: observed; this UserOperation succeeded grade: observed.

Call 1 ran (its logs show it) grade: inferredthe target emitted 1 log(s) in this op's execution segment (unknown event 0x96820c9f x1); this shows it ran, not what it achieved

Token movements logged during this operation:

ERC-20 transfer of 2.133000 EURC 0xc891…2acd evidence level: unlabelled from 0x047d…bfda to 0x3d75…0e69 into the account, during execution grade: observed

Money for this operation

The EntryPoint charged this operation 0.000015 AVAX (actualGasCost) grade: observed, taken from paymaster deposit 0xef45dae4935f6b21ac12d845b28bfc4771a3d8c0 grade: inferred and paid to the beneficiary grade: inferred.

Sponsorship: sponsored, terms not visible: a paymaster pays the gas charge from its deposit; its terms (free, token-paid, off-chain billing) are not decodable from this record grade: decoded

Money

Outer receipt fee (bundler → chain)

0.000027 AVAX

gas used × effective gas price, paid once

Σ actualGasCost (deposits → beneficiary)

0.000032 AVAX

2 operation charges

The outer fee (what the bundler paid the network) and the per-op charges (what the EntryPoint collected from deposits and paid to the beneficiary) are different quantities. They are listed, never added together; their difference is not 'bundler profit'.

The logs

Receipt logs (9), in order, with the lifecycle phase each belongs to
#	Emitter	Event	Phase
0	`0x4337…f108` EntryPoint v0.8 evidence level: primary source	`BeforeExecution`	boundary
1	`0xc891…2acd` evidence level: unlabelled	`Transfer`	execution
2	`0x7bfa…03a8` evidence level: unlabelled	`other`	execution
3	`0x4337…f108` EntryPoint v0.8 evidence level: primary source	`UserOperationEvent`	execution
4	`0xc891…2acd` evidence level: unlabelled	`Transfer`	execution
5	`0x7bfa…03a8` evidence level: unlabelled	`other`	execution
6	`0x4337…f108` EntryPoint v0.8 evidence level: primary source	`UserOperationEvent`	execution
7	`0x4337…f108` EntryPoint v0.8 evidence level: primary source	`Deposited`	compensation
8	`0xef45…d8c0` evidence level: unlabelled	`PaymasterDeposited(uint256)`	compensation

What we can't tell

The signer is a key (address) recovered from the signature. It does not tell you which person, company or bot controls that key.
A paymaster paid the gas charge, but that does not mean the user paid nothing: the paymaster may bill the user off-chain or in a token (see sponsorship mode).
The beneficiary is only where gas compensation was sent; it is not the user, and it is not proof of who runs the bundler.
UserOp success=true only means the account's call did not revert at the top level. Accounts and batch executors can catch inner failures, so individual legs can still have failed.
Some contracts involved are unlabelled: event and function names shown for them are signature-database hints and do not identify the app or protocol.
Names (token symbols, labels) are metadata unless their evidence level says otherwise.
The outer fee is what the bundler paid the network for the whole transaction; it cannot be split fairly across ops or legs, and comparing it with the per-op charges does not give bundler profit.

Rendered from the explain record (schema epi.explain/v1). Address labels and levels come from the current registry. How evidence grades and levels work →